Dolmabahce Palace
Built between 1843 and 1856 as the Ottoman Empire was in terminal decline, Dolmabahce replaced Topkapi as the seat of power and announced, through its European neoclassical and baroque architecture, that the Ottomans intended to modernize — or at least to look as though they were modernizing. The Bosphorus-front palace contains 285 rooms decorated with 14 tons of gold leaf, a 4.5-ton Bohemian crystal chandelier (a gift from Queen Victoria), and an escalating opulence that feels both magnificent and melancholy given the empire's trajectory. Ataturk, founder of the Turkish Republic, used the palace as a presidential residence and died here on November 10, 1938 — all clocks in the palace are stopped at 9:05, the time of his death.